The sky burial is a profound and spiritual ritual that symbolizes the transitory nature of life and the importance of detachment from the physical world. According to Buddhist teachings, the human body is considered an empty vessel after death, and the soul embarks on a journey towards its next existence, therefore, the mysterious sky burial first emerges in Tibet. In this article, we’ll uncover the secrets of Tibetan sky burials, and discuss about the origin, beliefs, and cultural significance behind this traditional funeral custom.
What is a Sky Burial?
Sky burial, also known as celestial burial (or Jhator in Tibetan language), is a traditional funerary practice that is mostly carried out in Tibet. However, you may also find sky burial custom in some areas of Mongolia, Indonesia, India, Bhutan, and Iran. Rather than burying or cremating the body of the deceased, the remains are offered to vultures in an open-air setting.
A typical sky burial ritual in Tibetan-inhabited area
Why Do Tibetans Practice Sky Burials?
The sky burial actually serves both practical and spiritual purposes for the Tibetan people. Due to the high-altitude geographical conditions on the plateau, the frozen ground in Tibet often makes it challenging to dig graves, rendering sky burials an easier alternative. This unique method allows for the respectful disposal of the deceased's remains without the need for extensive excavation.
In addition to the practical considerations, the sky burial conforms to several core values deeply ingrained in Tibetan culture. Humility, generosity, and reverence for nature are central tenets in Tibetan society. The sky burial embodies these values by offering the physical body as a generous meal to vultures and other scavenging birds. This act of giving back to nature aligns with their belief in maintaining harmony with the environment and minimizing disturbances to the Earth.
History of Tibetan Sky Burials
The history of Tibetan sky burials dates back centuries and is closely tied to the religious and cultural traditions of Tibet. This unique funerary practice has its roots in Tibetan Buddhism, which has played a significant role in shaping Tibetan society for over a thousand years.
The origins of sky burials in Tibet can be traced to the influence of the ancient Bön religion, which predated the arrival of Buddhism in the region. The Bön tradition practiced a form of body exposure where the deceased would be left in remote locations for natural elements and scavenging animals to consume. When Buddhism emerged as a prominent faith in Tibet, elements of this existing practice merged with Buddhist principles, giving rise to the distinct tradition of Tibetan sky burials.
Tibetan sky burials are believed to have been introduced by Padmasambhava, an Indian Buddhist master who brought the teachings of Vajrayana Buddhism to Tibet in the 8th century. Padmasambhava emphasized the importance of compassion and the impermanence of life, which became central tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. Sky burials became a means to express these principles and provide a final act of generosity for the deceased.
Over time, sky burials became an integral part of Tibetan culture and spirituality. They were not only practiced by common Tibetans but also by high-ranking lamas, nobility, and even members of the Tibetan royal family. The tradition spread throughout different regions of Tibet and neighboring areas influenced by Tibetan Buddhism.
Do Tibetans Still Practice Sky Burials?
Despite threats from reduced vulture populations, and competition from other modern funereal ways (e.g. cremation), sky burials continue to be widely performed in various parts of Tibet and in areas where Tibetan Buddhism is practiced today. While the fundamental principles and rituals remain unchanged, some modern adaptations, such as the use of vehicles for transportation, have been introduced to accommodate changing circumstances and logistical challenges. And, in recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest and preservation of Tibetan cultural traditions, including sky burials.
While sky burial is a traditional practice, there are also several other ways of funeral in Tibet, such as cremation (fire burial), inhumation (earth burial), water burial, and tree burial. The choice between sky burial and other burials may vary depending on local customs, family preferences, and the availability of resources.
Process of a Tibetan Sky Burial
The process of sky burial begins with the preparation of the body. In accordance with specific rituals, the corpse is carefully dissected by trained individuals known as rogyapas, or "body breakers". The body is typically laid out in a designated site, often high in the mountains or on elevated platforms called doksas, to ensure its exposure to the elements and vultures.
A wall of skulls at Dodoka Monastery in Tibet
Vultures, considered sacred and symbolic creatures in Tibetan culture, play a crucial role in this ceremony. These majestic birds, known for their ability to consume flesh swiftly, gather in large numbers upon sensing the presence of a sky burial. The sight of circling vultures above the body is seen as a divine signal that the soul is being liberated from the physical form.
As the vultures consume the remains, it is believed that they take on the burden of the deceased's negative karma, facilitating the soul's release and allowing it to transcend to higher realms. The remaining bones and fragments are left exposed to the elements, slowly returning to the earth and completing the circle of life.
Notable Sky Burial Sites in Tibet
The selection of sky burial sites and are often determined by local customs and religious authorities. Sky burial sites are considered sacred and are sometimes associated with monasteries or hermitages. There are approximate 2,000 sky burial sites across Tibet, and here we highlight some most famous ones where these rituals take place.
Drigung Til Monastery:About 150km east to Lhasa, nestled amidst the breathtaking Drigung Valley, Drigung Til Monastery is renowned for its spiritual practices and affiliation with the Drigung Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Near this revered monastery, one can find the world’s largest sky burial site where the ancient rituals are performed. While the ceremonies themselves are not open to foreigners, the proximity to this spiritual hub adds to the aura of mystique surrounding the practice of sky burials.
Drigung Til Monastery is famous for its sky burial site
Pabongka and Sera Monastery:Pabongka and Sera Monastery, located in the vicinity of Lhasa, hold historical and spiritual importance within Tibetan Buddhism. In the nearby mountains, one can find sky burial sites where the departed are offered to the heavens. Though inaccessible to foreigners, the mere presence of these sites serves as a reminder of the enduring traditions and beliefs cherished by Tibetan Buddhists.
Mount Kailash in Western Tibet:For those embarking on a pilgrimage to Mount Kailash, the holiest mountain in Tibet, a unique opportunity presents itself. On the first day of the sacred trek around the mountain, pilgrims may witness the world’s highest sky burial site (5,375 meters) in the far distance, serving as a poignant reminder of the impermanence of life and the profound beliefs held by Tibetan Buddhists.
Larung Gar in Eastern Tibet:Larung Gar, nestled in the remote Serthar County, is a renowned center for Buddhist study and practice. While famous for its monastic community, Larung Gar also encompasses sky burial sites. Visitors traveling to this spiritual haven can catch a glimpse of the sky burial site from a distance, further immersing themselves in the rich cultural tapestry of Tibetan Buddhism.
Larung Gar sky burial site in Serthar County, Western Sichuan
Old Sky Burial Site Near Drak Yerpa Hermitage:Opposite the renowned Drak Yerpa Hermitage lies an old, no longer active sky burial site. While visitors cannot witness the ceremonies, this site offers a serene vantage point to admire the panoramic view of the surrounding temple complex, providing a moment for contemplation and reflection.
Taboos of the Tibetan Sky Burials
The sky burial practice has been followed by the Tibetan people for centuries, and adhering to certain taboos and regulations is essential to honor the sacredness of the ceremony and facilitate the smooth transition of the deceased's soul. Here are some taboos of the Tibetan sky burials below:
Restriction on Strangers: One of the foremost taboos associated with Tibetan sky burials is the prohibition of strangers near the burial site. It is believed that the presence of unfamiliar individuals may disrupt the soul's journey into the afterlife. To maintain the sanctity and peacefulness of the ceremony, only close family members, the designated rogyapa (burial operator), and those directly involved in the ritual are allowed in the vicinity. This ensures a serene environment for the soul's transition.
Reverence and Silence: During a sky burial, it is essential to observe a solemn and respectful demeanor. Participants should maintain an atmosphere of reverence, refraining from loud conversations, laughter, or any behavior that may disrupt the sacredness of the ceremony. By demonstrating sensitivity and understanding, participants contribute to the overall spiritual atmosphere and show their respect for the deceased and their journey.
Touching the Remains: It is considered disrespectful and taboo to touch or handle the remains of the deceased during a sky burial. The body is typically left untouched and allowed to be consumed by the vultures. Visitors and observers are expected to maintain a respectful distance.
Pointing or Gesturing: Pointing at the vultures or making any gestures towards them is discouraged during the sky burial. Such actions are believed to disrupt the natural course of the ritual and may bring harm or misfortune.
Mourning Rituals: The period of mourning for the deceased usually lasts for several days after the sky burial. During this time, family and close friends may engage in specific mourning rituals, such as refraining from loud laughter, avoiding celebrations, and wearing white clothing as a sign of respect.
Photography and Filming: Taking photographs or videos during a sky burial is strictly prohibited. The Tibetan people believe that capturing these sacred moments on camera would disturb the spirits and bring bad luck.
Conclusion:
The sky burial custom is based on the principles of impermanence, compassion, and the transmigration of the spirit. By offering the body to vultures, they believe they are providing nourishment and sustenance to these birds, while also promoting the cycle of life and death. Though the sky burial custom may seem unusual or even unsettling to some, it reflects the deep spiritual connection between the Tibetan people and the natural world. It is an expression of their beliefs and serves as a testament to the enduring cultural heritage of Tibet.
